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<title>Rethinking</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rethinking</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rethink", "Thinking twice", and "Thinking again" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="Rethink_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rethink (disambiguation)">Rethink (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="Think_Twice_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Think Twice (disambiguation)">Think Twice (disambiguation)</a>. For the artist-activist collaborative, see <a href="Think_Again" title="Think Again">Think Again</a>.</div>

<p><b>Rethinking</b>, <b>reconsidering</b>, or <b>reconsideration</b>, is the process of reviewing a <a href="Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision</a> or <a href="Logical_consequence" title="Logical consequence">conclusion</a> that has previously been made to determine whether the initial decision should be changed. Rethinking can occur immediately after a decision has been reached, or at any time thereafter. Informally, reconsidering a decision shortly after making it and before taking any action towards implementing it may be referred to as <b>thinking twice</b> or <b>thinking again</b> (most often phrased in the imperative, <b>think twice</b> or <b>think again</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_scholarship_and_academia">In scholarship and academia</h2></div>

<p>In scholarship, arguments favoring new approaches to established ideas are often phrased as "rethinking" of those concepts, or as those concepts "reconsidered", suggesting that a different conclusion would have been reached if more information was available at the time the original concept was developed, or if certain ramifications of the original concept had been more fully thought out at the time of its conception. English professor <a href="Mark_Bauerlein" title="Mark Bauerlein">Mark Bauerlein</a> has described rethinking in academia as a higher form of <a href="Criticism" title="Criticism">criticism</a>, stating:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The term "rethinking" magnifies the revision into a profound meditation, an elemental departure from Western thought. That reflects well upon the critic. "Rethinking" grants the thinker a mastery over the material, a sophistication of attitude, an originality of approach. It consigns the past to antiquity and places the critic at the vanguard of thought. The difficulty of the endeavor solicits prudence from critics, but when the practice has become so common that it need not require justification, the elevation of critic into rethinker is a normal and necessary token of status.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Examples of works, social efforts, or entities characterized as "rethinking" include:

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<ul><li><i><a href="Rethinking_Marxism" title="Rethinking Marxism">Rethinking Marxism</a></i>, a journal founded in 1998 by professors and graduate students of the Department of Economics at the <a href="University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>, just before the dissolution of the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> began. The journal quickly became an influential academic platform for <a href="Althusserian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Althusserian Marxism">Althusserian Marxism</a> in the North American context.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Rethink_Afghanistan" title="Rethink Afghanistan">Rethink Afghanistan</a></i>, a 2009 documentary by <a href="Robert_Greenwald" title="Robert Greenwald">Robert Greenwald</a> and <a href="Brave_New_Films" title="Brave New Films">Brave New Films</a>, about the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan following the terrorist attacks of <a href="September_11%2C_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001">September 11, 2001</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rn2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rn2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Rethinking_Madness" title="Rethinking Madness">Rethinking Madness</a></i> a 2012 book by the <a href="Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> Paris Williams which explores creative ways of dealing with madness (<a href="Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Rethink_Mental_Illness" title="Rethink Mental Illness">Rethink Mental Illness</a>, a <a href="Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> <a href="Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charity</a> in England originally founded in 1972 as the National Schizophrenia Fellowship, for which the operating name 'Rethink' was adopted in 2002, and expanded to 'Rethink' Mental Illness' (to be more self-explanatory) in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Rethink_Communications" title="Rethink Communications">Rethink Communications</a>, a Canadian advertising agency.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Some academics have also reexamined prior thought under the rubric of "reconsideration", as with <i><a href="Culture_Industry_Reconsidered" title="Culture Industry Reconsidered">Culture Industry Reconsidered</a></i>, a 1963 book by German philosopher <a href="Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, and <i>The American Revolution Reconsidered</i>, a 1996 book by American historian <a href="Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Richard B. Morris</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_law_and_policy">In law and policy</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="Law" title="Law">law</a>, opportunities to request that certain decision-makers rethink or reconsider their decisions may be required by the rules under which the decision-makers operate. However, rules tend to provide for strict limitations on the timing or other circumstances of such a request. In <a href="Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">parliamentary procedure</a>, for example, a matter that was voted on could be brought back again through a "<a href="Motion_to_reconsider" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion to reconsider">motion to reconsider</a>". Under <i><a href="Robert's_Rules_of_Order" title="Robert's Rules of Order">Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised</a></i> (RONR), such a motion must be made within a limited time after the action on the original motion: either on the same day or in the case of a multi-day session (such as a <a href="Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">convention</a>), on the next day within the session in which business is conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many government agencies allow people seeking benefits from those agencies to request reconsideration of the denial of a claim to such a benefit. For example, the <a href="United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> provides a mechanism for reconsideration of decisions denying copyright registration.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="Mandatory_reconsideration" title="Mandatory reconsideration">mandatory reconsideration</a> is a feature of the UK social security system by which an individual can challenge a decision that they disagree with for instance the decision not to award a benefit. Child Poverty Action Group state that a mandatory reconsideration is a prerequisite for an individual to appeal to a benefit tribunal.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="Standard_of_review" title="Standard of review">standard of review</a> for requesting reconsideration may be higher than the standard for initially making the claim. In <a href="United_States_Federal_Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Federal Courts">United States Federal Courts</a>, for example, motions for reconsideration are not expressly allowed under the <a href="Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> (FRCP), but are often allowed by district courts under FRCP Rule 59(e)(3) ("to correct a clear error of law or prevent manifest injustice"), or Rule 60(b) (providing various grounds for relief from a final judgment). However, "reconsideration of a judgment is considered an extraordinary remedy which will be granted only sparingly".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rethinking" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:rethinking"><i>rethinking</i></a> at Wiktionary</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reconsideration" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:reconsideration"><i>reconsideration</i></a> at Wiktionary</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/think_again" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:think again"><i>think again</i></a> at Wiktionary</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/think_twice" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:think twice"><i>think twice</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Stevenson, ed., <i>Oxford Dictionary of English</i> (2010), p. 1848.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Mark_Bauerlein" title="Mark Bauerlein">Mark Bauerlein</a>, <i>Literary Criticism: An Autopsy</i> (2013), p. 125.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBalibar1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Balibar, Étienne</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/massesclasseside0000bali"><i>Masses, Classes, Ideas</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. p. xxii.</cite> and <cite id="CITEREFElliott2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Gregory_Elliott" title="Gregory Elliott">Elliott, Gregory</a> (2006). <i>Althusser: The Detour of Theory</i>. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. xii.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-rn2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rn2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/10/2/rethink_afghanistan_filmmaker_robert_greenwald_launches">"Rethink Afghanistan: Filmmaker Robert Greenwald Launches Film Opposing Escalation of War"</a>. Democracy Now. 2 October 2009.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Appollonio2013" class="citation web cs1">Michael Appollonio (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychcentral.com/lib/2013/rethinking-madness-towards-a-paradigm-shift-in-our-understanding-and-treatment-of-psychosis/">"Rethinking Madness Review"</a>. <i>Psychcentral</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict_Carey2011" class="citation web cs1">Benedict Carey (November 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/health/man-uses-his-schizophrenia-to-gather-clues-for-daily-living.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Finding Purpose After Living With Delusion"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gareth Jones, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilsociety.co.uk/governance/news/content/10494/rethink_rebrands_to_clarify_its_role">Rethink rebrands to clarify its role</a>, 19 September 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChong2009" class="citation news cs1">Chong, Kevin (3 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916002800/http://www.bcbusinessonline.ca/bcb/top-stories/2009/06/03/chris-staples-rethink-communications-reimagines-vancouver-advertising">"Chris Staples of Rethink Advertising Reimagines Vancouver Advertising"</a>. <i>BC Business</i>. Vancouver. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcbusinessonline.ca/bcb/top-stories/2009/06/03/chris-staples-rethink-communications-reimagines-vancouver-advertising">the original</a> on 16 September 2009.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobert2011" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). <i>Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised</i> (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 316. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-306-82020-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/fls/sl04a.pdf">Requesting Reconsideration of a Refusal to Register a Copyright, Mask Work, or Vessel Hull Claim</a>, last revised September 2016.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpag.org.uk/content/new-appeals-rules-and-procedures">"New appeals rules and procedures - Child Poverty Action Group"</a>. <i>www.cpag.org.uk</i>. August 2013.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBerlik2014" class="citation web cs1">Berlik, Lee (June 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexisnexis.com/legalnewsroom/corporate/b/business/posts/motions-to-reconsider-a-primer">"Motions to Reconsider - A Primer"</a>. <a href="LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a>.</cite></span>

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